Concepts of pathological altruism, altruism bias, and guardian systems may help open many new, potentially useful lines of inquiry and provide a framework to begin moving toward a more mature, scientifically informed understanding of altruism and cooperative behavior.Ĭodependency cooperation empathy narcissism philanthropy. Guardian systems and their over arching importance in the evolution of cooperation are also discussed. Oakley defines PA in this way: Pathological altruism can be conceived as behavior in which attempts to promote the welfare of another, or others, results instead in harm that an external observer would conclude was reasonably foreseeable. A basic conceptual approach toward the quantification of altruism bias is presented. But, instead of overall beneficial outcomes, the altruism instead has irrational and substantial negative consequences to the other or even to the self. Pathologies of altruism and empathy not only underlie health issues. Presented here are the mechanistic bases and potential ramifications of pathological altruism, that is, altruism in which attempts to promote the welfare of others instead result in unanticipated harm. Pathological altruism might be thought of as any behavior or personal tendency in which either the stated aim or the implied motivation is to promote the welfare of another or others. Pathological Altruism presents a number of new, thought-provoking theses that. This is despite the fact that virtually all forms of altruism are associated with tradeoffs-some of enormous importance and sensitivity-and notwithstanding that examples of pathologies of altruism abound. However, the potential hurtful aspects of altruism have gone largely unrecognized in scientific inquiry. The profound benefits of altruism in modern society are self-evident.
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